Medias or ways or techniques or channels of oral communication

Media or ways or techniques or channels of oral communication. The channels or methods or oral communication may be classified broadly in two categories non mechanical channels and mechanical channels which are described below:

A. Non mechanical channels:

Conversation: conversation means the informal discussion among the people. When one person discusses his views, opinion to another person and exchanges their views in the presence of both then it is called face to face conversation. It also includes the face-to-face discussion on a particular issue. In this method both the information receiver and sender can exchange their views freely and fairly.

Interview: It suggests a meeting between two or more persons for the purpose of getting a view of each other or for knowing each other. When we normally think of an interview, we think a situation in which an employer tries to size up an applicant for a job. The employer’s aim is to know whether the applicant can be fit for service to this organization and the applicant’s aim is to find whether the job being offered by the organization can be suitable to him. Its first, the speaker asks questions to the listener and then the listener answers the question. There are three major techniques of interview. They are as follows:

• Direct questioning


• Non-directive interview and


• Guided interview





Does speech: Speech means what the speaker says in front of the audience. It is fully audience-oriented system. Generally the political leaders, the managers, the business man or the workers’ leaders use this system sometimes. It can build tension or it can relax tension. This system is practiced in public gathering at company meetings, inauguration and seminars etc. In needs to considerable skills otherwise it is not effective.




Group discussion: Group discussion is a popular method of oral communication. Management arranges group discussion to take a decision on a special matter. Group discussion is very helpful to human relation, idea getting an idea development and training.




Formal training courses: Effective communication can be performed through formal training courses. It is a wide used technique of oral communication. Both the trainer and the trainee can exchange their views directly.




Meeting: Meeting means the formal group discussion about a specific predetermined topic or subject. Meeting members to get together and discuss about a problem or issue or a special matter. There are several types of meeting such as –







• Security meeting






• Minutes meeting






• Social meeting






• General meeting itself





Counseling: Counseling is an effective medium of oral communication. Generally it held yearly or bi-yearly. It is adopted by the higher authority for their followers.




Committee: Committee is an organization. The committee meeting is a popular technique of oral communication. Special decision is taken through face to face discussion of a committee meeting.











Special prize-giving ceremony: Sometimes the businessmen can meet with others arranging a special prize giving ceremony for the workers. In this ceremony the businessmen can exchange their views and ideas orally.




Conference: Conference is a kind of meeting at which participants exchange views and talk together. A conference may be held to exchange views on some problem being faced by the organization or some other issue related to it and it may even suggest a solution but the suggestions from a conference are not binding. They are more in the nature of the recommendation.




Lectures: Lecture is used to create an understanding of a topic or to influence behavior, attitudes of the trainee through spoken words. The lecture is telling someone about something. The method is an effective way to introduce new information or concepts to a group of learners who gathered at on place. A lecture is given to enhance the knowledge of the listener or to give him the theoretical aspect of a topic.




Informal communication: Informal communication is another technique to exchange information orally. It can be occurred in the playground, tea table etc. In those situations both the boss and subordinate can exchange their views informally.




Others: Invitation to a lunch, Brainstorming, Advisory board, Inspection of factory and office.




B. Mechanical channels




Telephone: Telephone set is an instrument that converts voice and other sound signals into a form that can be transmitted to remote locations and that receives and reconverts waves into the waves into sound signals. The telephone plays a vital role in communication when the two persons stay in different places they communicate with each other by telephone. Their exchange information and their views and immediate feedback are possible under this system. Now-a-days we can see that every organization is using the telephone to exchange the information and views orally.




Mobile or cell phone: A mobile phone (also known as a cellular phone, cell phone and a hand phone) is a portable telephone that connects to the telephone network over the radio wave transmission. It connects to a wireless communications network through radio wave or satellite transmissions.




Radio: Radio is the indirect media of oral communication. It is a one-way communication system. The receiver can only hear the message from the sender. The receiver cannot reply.




Television: Television is also the indirect media of oral communication. It is a one-way communication system. Here, receiver cans here the messages and side by side see the sender. The receiver cannot reply.




Video conference: Video conference is a kind of teleconferencing communication where people staying in different corner or locations and participate in a face-to-face group meeting or group discussion through the help of electronic video camera technology.




Teleconferencing: Teleconferencing is a kind of communication where people staying in different corner or locations and participate in group meetings or group discussion through electronic telephone technology.





Medias or ways or techniques or channels of oral communication

Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication

Advantages of oral communication: Oral communication involves many advantages. In a recent survey about communication it is clear that more than 55% of the executives choose this communication. The advantages of oral communication are as follows:

1. 
   Time saving: When action is required to be taken immediately it is best to transmit a message orally. If the executives work load is high then they stop writhing and by oral instructions they complete their message transmission and released their work load and also it saves time.


2. 
   Cost savings: Cost is involved in any communication. When the communication is needed within the organization and if it and is completed in orally, it has not needed any paper, pen or stamp or computer. So it saves the money of the organization.


3. 
   More powerful: Speech is a more powerful means of persuasion and control. Therefore executives often prefer to transmit messages orally.


4. 
   Effectiveness: With the help of variations in the tone, pitch and intensity of voice, the speaker can convey shades of meaning. This factor also contributes to the effectiveness of oral communication.


5. 
   Immediate feedback: The speaker can get immediate feedback on whether it is creating a favorable impression on the receiver or whether the receiver will protest or whether the receiver has receiver has clearly understood his meaning or is feeling perplexed or baffled and he can mold and adjust his message accordingly.


6. 
   More suitable: The employees felt more suitable when the message transmits in orally. They get an opportunity for feedback and clarification.


7. 
   A relationship develops: Oral communication is mostly carried out helps to promote friendly relations between the parties communicating with each other.


8. 
   Flexibility: By the demand of the situations oral instructions can be changed easily and for these cases maintain the formalities are not necessary. So it is very much flexible and effective.


9. 
   Easiness: It is so easy method of communication. It needs little preparation to send a message. No need of pens, pencils and other writing equipment’s which are needed in written communication.


10. 
    Correction of errors: If any error is expressed at the time of oral communication. It was possible to rectify at that time or within a very short time.


11. 
    Informal communication: In oral communication, no need to maintain such formalities which are needed in written communication. So it is easy and helpful to any organization.


12. 
    Motivation: In oral communication system, top executives and sub ordinates staff can sit face-to-face and exchange their views directly, so sub-ordinates are motivated day by day.


13. 
    Special applications: Oral communication is more helpful in communicating messages to groups of people at assembly meetings etc.


14. 
    Maintaining secrecy: Interested parties of oral communication can maintain the secrecy of messages easily.

Disadvantages of oral communication: Oral communication contains many advantages. In spite of this, there are oral some disadvantages which are given below:

1. 
   No record: In oral communication, messages are difficult to record. So it is impossible to preserve the message for future.


2. 
   Expensive: It is also expensive media of communication. Sometimes the audience can be managed by paying T. A and D. A. On the other hand Technological devices that are used in this system are costly.


3. 
   Distortion of the word: If distortion of the word occurs in oral communication then main goals of the organization may be filed.


4. 
   Inaccuracy: There is very possibility of inaccurate messages to reach the destination. So, the reverse result of expected plan may be occurred.


5. 
   Limited use: The scope of usage of oral communication is limited. It is not suitable for lengthy messages. It should be sued for short message.


6. 
   Probability of omitting main subject: Sometimes, main subject may be omitted to express a word for communicating. So, expected result may not be achieved.


7. 
   Confused speech: Sometimes the receiver fails to understand the meaning of a message due to habitual productions of the speaker.


8. 
   No legal validity: there is any legal validity of the oral message. As, the oral messages are not taped and kept records, so it can be denied easily if the situation goes against the speaker.


9. 
   Late decision: It takes time to reach a decision. At the beginning stage, sometime is killed in the discussion of any personal matters. Besides some time is also wasted for irrelevant discussion. In this way decision making is delayed.


10. 
    Less important: In oral communication, meaningless speech can mislead the main effects of the communication. But when the information comes out in written, we take it seriously.


11. 
    Lack of secrecy: In oral communication, the important and secret information may be disclosed.


12. 
    Defective: Oral communication is defective for company’s policy, procedure, programs, law and other important information.


13. 
    Creates misunderstanding: The speaker often gives message without having properly organized it earlier. So, it is possible that he may not be able to make himself properly to communicate with the receiver. As a result, misunderstanding May develops.

Advantages and disadvantages of oral communication

What is Speech? | Planning of speech

What is Speech?: Meaning of speech: Speech means what the speaker says in front of the audience. It is fully audience-oriented system. Generally the political leaders, the managers, the business man or the workers’ leaders use this system sometimes. It can build tension or it can relax tension. This system is practiced in public gathering, at company meetings, inauguration and seminars etc. It needs to considerable skills otherwise it is not effective. “Advantages and disadvantages of speech“.

So, speech is the formal talk that the speaker addresses through spoken language words in front the audience gathered in a place to hear massage.

Characteristics of a good speech

The important characteristics of a good speech are as follows:

• 
  Clear: Clarify is the first major characteristic of a good speech. Successful of speeches are fully dependent on the clarity of the idea. Otherwise it will bring a bad result.


• 
  Informal talk: A good speech is closer to a personal and informal chat between two intimate friends. When somebody speaks, there should be a perfect report between the speaker and the audience.


• 
  Concreteness: Abstractions kill a speech. The successes of the speeches are depended on its concreteness.


• 
  Concise: The concentration of an average audience does not last more than fifteen to twenty minutes. So the speeches should be concise.


• 
  Interesting: Quotations anecdotes and humorous touches often make a speech interesting quotations should be only form accepted authorities. They should be familiar but not worn-out. Anecdotes should be new, brief and in good taste. Humor should be topical, spontaneous and gentle.


• 
  Audience-oriented: A good speech is always tuned to the wavelength of the audience. Before giving the speeches the speaker consider some the points carefully that means is the audience general or specialized one or how large the audience or what is the age group of the listener and what are the social, religious, political and economic views of the listeners.

Preparation or planning of speech

Most of the people do not feel comfortable speaking before others. With effort, everybody can improve their speaking quality. Preparation should always start well in advance. In presenting a good speech the following steps should be followed:

• 
  Selection of the topic: The first step in the formal speech morning is to determine the topic of the presentation. Before selection of the topic at first the speaker should consider his knowledge about the topic than they will consider the interest of the audience. Where the topic will be presented and lastly he should consider the occasion. The selection should be justified by all above factors.


• 
  Preparation of the presentation: After selection of the topic the speaker should gather the information that the he needs for this speech. After collection of the information the speaker should organize the information. In presentation stage the greeting usually comes first and gain attention in the opening. In the second stage the speaker prepared the main body of the speeches and lastly conclusion. In the introductory stage the speaker can use the gossip, humor, quotations, questions etc. The middle should be devoted to the discussion and in conclusion it should summarize the main points.


• 
  Determination of the presentation method: With the speech organized, the speaker is ready to prepare its presentation. At this time, the speaker needs to decide on the method of presentation that is, whether to present the speech extemporaneously, to memorize it or to read it.


• 
  Audience analysis: One requirement of good speech making is to know the audience. The speaker should study his audience both before and during the presentation.


• 
  Appearance and physical actions: When the listeners hear the speech, they are looking for the speaker. What they see is a part of the message and can affect the success of the speech. The speaker should understand the communication effects of the listeners see. The speaker must be careful about the communication environment, personal appearance, posture, walking, facial expression, get gestures etc.


• 
  Use of voice: Good voice is an obvious requirement of good speaking. Like physical movements, the voice should not hinder the listener’s concentration on the message. More specifically, it should not detract attention from the message. The speaker should be careful about lack of pitch variation, lack of variation in speed, lack of vocal emphasis and unpleasant voice quality etc.

What is Speech? | Planning of speech

Advantages and disadvantages of speech

Advantages of speech: There are some advantages of good speech. They are given below:

1. 
   Easy to understand: If the speaker delivers his or her speech on the basis of the audience level, it becomes easy understanding. So, the main advantages of speech are understandable.


2. 
   Time saving: Direct speech between the speaker and the listener saves time to communicate information.


3. 
   Good relation: Speech can help to develop the relation between the speaker and the audiences. It is possible to establish friendly relation among the parties concern through direct speech.


4. 
   Cost saving: Direct speech saves money, because it does not require any device or writing instruments like pen, paper, computer, telephone etc.


5. 
   Suitability: It is very suitable to communicate with both illiterate and literate people. But written communication is suitable only for literate people.


6. 
   Quick means: Speech is a quick mean of communication. Many formalities are to be needed for written or other communications. But it does not take any formality.


7. 
   Direct feedback: There is a quick and direct feedback of oral communication, because the audience can interact directly to the speaker.


8. 
   Mass communication: Direct speech is suitable for mass communication. The speaker can communicate with many people at a time through speech.

Disadvantage of speech:There are some limitations and disadvantages of speech. These limitations are stated below:

1. 
   Inaccuracy: The main disadvantages of speech or inaccuracy. If the speaker fails to understand the need of the audiences, speech becomes worthless.


2. 
   Complexity: This form of communication increases the complexity in the communication channel. If the number of audience is large, it is difficult to understand the meaning of the speech.


3. 
   Delay: It is a lengthy process to take decision making because it takes more times for personal discussions to each other. If the audiences do not understand the meaning of the speech it takes more time to take a final decision.


4. 
   Irrelevancy: Sometimes the speaker delivers an irrelevant speech which makes the audience displeasure or disgust.


5. 
   No record: Usually no records are kept in this form of communication. So speech cannot be sued as legal document unless it is taped.


6. 
   Lack of secrecy: In this form of communication, the important and secret information may be disclosed.


7. 
   Conflict: Speech cannot be kept in mind for long. So it can create many conflicts among the parties concerned.


8. 
   Expensive: Sometimes the organization pays the T.A. And D. A. To the audiences. So it is also expensive.

Qualities of a good speaker

The successes of the speeches fully depend on the qualities of the speaker. The speaker’s qualities are given below:

1. “A good speaker is lively, interested, enthusiastic and vital.” He treats his audience as a group of living people. He makes it sure that he is keenly interested in the subject he is speaking about and he is taking pains to make his audience equally interested in it.


2. “A good speaker is earnest.” He does not speak just for the sake of speaking in order to show off, to impress his audience with his erudition or his authority.


3.  A good speaker has a sense of responsibility to his listeners and to others. He does not take more time than what it allotted to him.


4. A good speaker has a sense of responsibility to his subject. He does not bite off more than he can chew. He does not spread it thin.


5. A good speaker has a sense of leadership; he stands up tall, he talks eye to eye, speaks responsibly and with authority, as a leader should.


6. “A good speaker keeps his head.” He is not carried off by over enthusiasm or over confidence.


7. A good speaker keeps his sense of honor.

Advantages and disadvantages of speech

What is interview? | Types of interviews

Meaning of interview: The word interview comes from Latin and middle French words meaning to “see between” or “see each other”. Generally, interview means a private meeting between people when questions are asked and answered. The person who answers the questions of an interview is called in interviewer. The person who asks the questions of our interview is called an interviewer. It suggests a meeting between two persons for the purpose of getting a view of each other or for knowing each other. When we normally think of an interview, we think a setting in which an employer tries to size up an applicant for a job.

According to Gary Dessler, “An interview is a procedure designed to obtain information from a person’s oral response to oral inquiries.”

According to Thill and Bovee, “An interview is any planed conversation with a specific purpose involving two or more people”.

According to Dr. S. M. Amunuzzaman, “Interview is a very systematic method by which a person enters deeply into the life of even a stranger and can bring out needed information and data for the research purpose.”

So, an interview is formal meetings between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information, qualities, attitudes, wishes etc. Form the interviewee.

Types of interviews: There are many types of interviews that an organization can arrange. It depends on the objectives of taking the interview. Some important types of interviews are stated below:

1. 
   Personal interviews: Personal interviews include:
   
   
   
   • Selection of the employees
   
   
   • Promotion of the employees
   
   
   • Retirement and resignation of the employees
   
   
   
   

   Of course, this type of interview is designed to obtain information through discussion and observation about how well the interviewer will perform on the job.

   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   


2. 
   Evaluation interviews: The interviews which take place annually to review the progress of the interviewee are called the evaluation interviews. Naturally, it is occurring between superiors and subordinates. The main objective of this interview is to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the employees.


3. 
   Persuasive interviews: This type of interview is designed to sell someone a product or an idea. When a sales representative talk with a target buyer, persuasion takes the form of convincing the target that the product or idea meets a need.


4. 
   Structured interviews: Structured interviews tend to follow formal procedures; the interviewer follows a predetermined agenda or questions.


5. 
   Unstructured interviews: When the interview does not follow the formal rules or procedures. It is called an unstructured interview. The discussion will probably be free flowing and may shift rapidly form on subject to another depending on the interests of the interviewee and the interviewer.


6. 
   Counseling interviews: This may be held to find out what has been troubling the workers and why someone has not been working.


7. 
   Disciplinary interviews: Disciplinary interviews are occurring when an employee has been accused of breaching the organization’s rules and procedures.


8. 
   Stress interviews: It is designed to place the interviewee in a stress situation in order to observe the interviewees reaction.


9. 
   Public interviews: These include political parties’ radio-television and newspaper.


10. 
    Informal or conversational interview: In the conversational interview, no predetermined questions are asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable a possible to the interviewee’s nature and priorities; during the interview the interviewer “goes with the flow”.


11. 
    General interview guide approach: The guide approach is intended to ensure that the same general areas of information are collected from each interviewee this provides more focus than the conversational approach but still allows a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting the information from the interviewee.


12. 
    Standardized or open-ended interview: Here the same open-ended questions are asked to all interviewees; this approach facilitates faster interviews faster interviews that can be more easily analyzed and compared.


13. 
    Closed or fixed-response interview: It is an interview where all interviewers ask the same questions and asked to choose answers from among the same set of alternatives. This formal is useful for those not practiced in interviewing.

What is interview? | Types of interviews

Conditions of the success of an interview

Conditions of the success of an interview: The responsibility for the failure in interview lies both with the interviewer and the interviewee. For acquiring a positive result the following conditions should be followed:

1. The interviewer should not form an overall opinion about the candidate on the basis of a single aspect of his personality.


2. The interviewer should keep aside his bias and be scientific in his approach.


3. The interviewer should not judge a candidate’s mental capability and his character on the basis of such factors as his personal appearance, date of birth, lines on the palm of his hand etc.


4. The interviewer must vary the nature of his questions and the tone of his voice to suit individual candidate.


5. The interviewer should try to judge the candidate afresh and not go by what is former employer has to say about him.


6. The interviewer should not be cold and unfriendly. He should not try to unnerve the candidste by putting on airs of superiority.


7. The interviewers must observe non-verbal clues like gestures, facial expressions, voice changes, hesitation etc.


8. The interviewer should prepare his questions really well.


9. The candidate should also come well prepared. He may be quite competent, but if does not come well prepared, he will cut a sorry figure and not get the job.


10. The candidate must not try to anticipate the needs and preferences of the interviewer and respond accordingly.


11. The human element should not be allowed to intrude into the interview.


12. Neither the interviewer nor the candidate should be discourteous or rude forwards each other.


13. Neither of them should try to dominate the interview.


14. Neither of them should try to interrupt the other during his talk.

Suggestions to interviewer for ensure successful interview or, functions of an interviewer or, how to conduct the interview effectively?

A job interview is the first part of hiring and keeping good workers. Asking the right questions makes you as a manager more likely to select the best candidate for the job. Competition abounds for skilled and talented workers. It must be able to distinguish between people who want the job and the perfect candidate for the job.

Despite the economic volatility of the past few years, conducting a successful interview can help you secure the best candidates for the job. The following tips may help you with the screening process:
A. Before the interview:

1. 
   Aim or Goal: He should think about the purpose of the interview and determine what he hopes to achieve.


2. 
   Necessary information: The interviewer should familiarize himself with the relevant information such as job application, curriculum vitae, job description, job specification etc.


3. 
   Setting time and place: The interviewer should choose a suitable place and time for taking interview. The room should be well decorated and the right size.


4. 
   Structure: He should draw up a list of questions for discussion so that he can discuss things in a logical order.


5. 
   Meeting among members: Before taking interview the members of the interview board should discuss themselves about the interview.

B. During the interview:

1. 
   Use proper tone: The interviewer should use proper tone at the time interview. A friendly tone may put the applicant at ease.


2. 
   Undivided attention: The interviewer should give the interviewee his undivided attention. He can use appropriate gestures to show that he has a genuine interest in what the interviewee is saying.


3. 
   Manage time: Do your best to stick with the schedule set aside for the meeting. However, you should be prepared to jump straight to the conclusion questions if the candidate is not qualified. There is no point wasting either of your time if the candidate is not qualified. There is no point wasting either of your time if the candidate is not a good match for the job.


4. 
   Write it down: No matter what you think, you will not remember everything that is said during an interview. Take notes so that your memory will be triggered when it’s time to review the meeting. The more people you interview for the position, the more important note-taking becomes.


5. 
   Sum up the interview: He should sum up the interview by stating any action he is going to take or anything expected of the interviewee after the meeting.

Conditions of the success of an interview

Types of company meetings

Types of company meetings: Several types of meetings take place in the business organizations. Especially the company meetings can be shown by following diagram:

 

1. Shareholders meeting: When the meeting is held with the shareholders of the company it is called shareholders meeting.

• (a) Statutory meeting: According to company laws, after getting the letter of commence, the company arranges a meeting after one month of six months. This is the first general meeting of the company and during the life of the company this type of meeting held once. The company gives the circular before 21 days of the meeting. The decisions of the meeting are called statutory decision.


• (b) Annual general meeting: After registration of the company, the company is bound to invites the first general meeting with in eighteen months. Then the general meeting will be held in every year. The differences of the two general meeting cannot be more than fifteen months. The decisions of the meeting are called general decision.


• (c) Extra-ordinary general meeting: If necessary of the company this type of meeting can be held on any time. The director or some shareholders can invite this meeting one tenth of the shareholders may give the requisition to the Board of directors to arrange this type of meeting. After getting the requisition of the board of Directors fail to arrange a meeting with in twenty one days, the shareholder can invite the meeting within three months. The decision taken by the meeting is called special decision.

2. Directors meeting: When the meeting is held among the directors of the company it is called directors meeting. It is classified into two parts. They are:

• (a) Board meeting: According to article of association. The board of directors meeting is called Board Meeting. If nothing about this type of meeting in the article of association, then by Table- A rules of the company law this type of meeting can be held on. According to rules of company law the company is bound to arrange the meeting once in one month and at least four times within a year the Quorum: is filled up by 3/1 rd of the directors present or at least two directors present. Each director is preserved one vote and if any case the directors vote can be divided equally, then the president give the casting vote and take the decision.


• (b) Committee meeting: According to article of association the Board of Directors sometimes make special committee to complete in any special work among some directors of the company. This committee member sometimes meets together for coordinating the work properly. This type of seating is called committee meeting

3. Special meeting: For any special situation, when the meeting is arranged by the company, it is called special meeting. The types of the special meetings are as follows:

• (a) Class-meeting: The Company has different kinds of shares. When the meeting is arranged by any one kind of shareholders it is called class meeting.


• (b) Creditors meeting: The directors or their appointed lower can invite this type of meeting. Moreover this type of meeting may be arranged by the order of the court. If necessary to reconstruct or to dissolve or to any amalgamate the company to preserve the rights of the creditor this type of meeting is invited by their proper authoritative person. The creditors who will be present in the meeting or the presence of three-fourth credit holders of the total credit can take the decision and the court will give the instruction on the basis of this decision and the creditors are bounded to abide by the decision.

Types of company meetings

Requirement or essentials of a valid meeting or, necessary conditions of a valid meeting: There must be some requisites in order to validate the meeting. The necessary pare-conditions of a valid meeting are stated below:

1. 
   Right convening authority: A valid meeting must be convened by the proper authority otherwise it wills loss its validity. Company’s secretary is the proper authority to call a formal meeting.


2. 
   Proper notice: Duty signed notice must be submitted to members before meeting. The place of meeting, time and date must be stated on the notice.


3. 
   Proper publicity of agenda: Every member of the meeting should be properly informed of the agenda.


4. 
   Legal purposes: Every meeting must have a legal purpose. Any meeting should be properly informed of the agenda.


5. 
   Requisite quorum: For valid meeting requisite quorum is necessary. The meeting should not be stared until the requisite members of member s are resent.


6. 
   Presence of right persons: Only legal members can present in the meeting. If there is an unauthorized person in the meeting, the meeting will lose its validity.


7. 
   Proper presiding officer: The chairman of a valid meeting must be a proper person.


8. 
   Conducting meeting according to the agenda: A valid meeting must be conducted according to the agenda. No decision will get validity, if it is not related to the agenda.

Role or function or duties of chairmen of a meeting: In all types of meetings, you have the following responsibilities as a presiding officer.

• Arranging the time and place


• Preparing and serving an agenda.


• Calling the meeting to order on time


• Making clear the purpose of the meeting


• Keeping the discussion on course


• Controlling over enthusiastic members


• Electing contributions from each member


• Creating a good atmosphere


• Summarizing the discussion form time to time


• Working to end the meeting on schedule


• Thanking to the members

Secretarial work relating to statutory meeting

1. Functions before the meeting:

• Maintaining time for statutory meeting,


• Preparing statutory statement or report,


• Drafting a notice for the meeting,


• Collecting the auditor’s certificate,


• Selection the place of the meeting,


• Preparing agenda of the meeting,


• Listing the name of members who will attend the meeting,


• Calling on board of directors meeting,


• Preparing final notice of the meeting.


• Serving the notice to the concerned members.

2. Functions at the meeting:

• Determining the quorum of the meeting,


• Stating or reading the agenda,


• Supply of the necessary explanations,


• Giving the explanations,


• Writing the rough minutes

3. Functions after the meeting:

• Preparing final minutes and resolutions,


• Submitting the statutory report

What is notice?|Specimen of notice

Meaning of notice: A notice is a written or an oral statement that contains the particulars of holding a meeting. When a circular is served among the members of the meeting to attend the meeting, it is called a notice. It is letter of invitation that carries the request to the members to attend a meeting. A notice includes time, place, date and agenda of a meeting. The notice should be sent by the proper authority in due time so that the members can attend the meeting in time.

So, notice is formal written or formal information, notification or warning about a fact or an invitation to the concerned person for attending the meeting.

Essential elements or factors of a valid notice: The essentials or elements or factors of a valid nonce are given below:

1. 
   Signature: The notice must be signed by the proper authority. Only the legal authority should serve the notice.


2. 
   Proper time: The notice must be served in proper time. It should be circulated according to the rules and regulations of the company or the organization.


3. 
   Time date and place: The time, date and place of the meeting must be stated in the notice.


4. 
   Unconditional: There must be no condition or complexity in the notice about attending meeting. Always a notice is unconditional.


5. 
   Agenda: Agenda means topics to be discussed in a meeting. A valid notice should contain the agenda of the meeting.


6. 
   Conciseness: The notice must be short in size. It should be clear, simple and easy.


7. 
   Proper persons: Notice should be served to the proper persons who are entitled to attend the meeting.


8. 
   Enclosure: An explanatory statement should be sent with the notice.

Specimen of notice:

1. Notice of statutory meeting of a company

Eastern Jute Mails Ltd.

102, New York C/A

New York-1000

Date: March 20, 2013

NOTICE FOR STATUTORY MEETING

Notice is hereby given that the statutory meeting of the company will be held on March 30, 2012 at 12 p.m. in the registered office of the company according to the section ……………. Of company Act. 1994.

Concerned shareholders are requested to attend the meeting.

Mr. John

Secretary

On behalf of the board

Of directors.

1. 2. Notice of the meeting of the board of directors

Supto and Co. Ltd.

12 KDA- New York

New York- 9002

Date: March 10, 2013

NOTICE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTOR’S MEETING

Dear Sir,

Being authorized I am informing you that the second meeting of the Board of Directors will be held at the head office of the company on March 20, 2013 at 10 a.m.

You are duly requested to attend the meeting.

Sincerely yours

John

Secretary

Agenda:

1. ……………………………

2…………………………….

3……………………………

What is notice?|Specimen of notice

What is verbal communication and non-verbal communication?

What is verbal communication?
Meaning of verbal communication: When messages or information is exchanged or communicated through words is called verbal communication. Verbal communication may be two types: written and oral communication. Verbal communication takes place through face-to-face conversations, group discussions, counseling, interview, radio, television, calls, memos, letters, reports, notes, email etc. some definitions of verbal communications are as follows:

According to Bovee and others: Verbal communication is the expression of information through language which is composed of words and grammar.”

According to Penrose and others, “Verbal communication consists of sharing thoughts thought the meaning of words.”

So, verbal communication is the process of exchanged of information or message between two or more persons through written or oral words.

What is non-verbal communication?
Meaning of non-verbal communication: When messages or information is exchanged or communicated without using any spoken or written word is known as nonverbal communication. Non-verbal communication (NVC) is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages.

Non-verbal communication is a powerful arsenal in the face-to-face communication encounters, expressed consciously in the presence of others and perceived either consciously or unconsciously. Much of non-verbal communication is unintentional people are not even aware that they are sending messages. Non-verbal communication takes place though gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, physical proximity, touching etc. some important definitions of non-verbal communication are as follows:

According to L. C. Bove and others, “Non-verbal communication is communication that takes place through non-verbal cues: through such form of non-verbal communication as gesture, eye contact, facial expression, clothing and space; and through the non-verbal vocal communication known as Para-language.”

According to Lesikar and Pettit, “Nonverbal communication means all communication that occurs without words (body movements, space, time, touch, voice patterns, color, layout, design of surroundings.)”

According to Himstreet and Baty, “Non-verbal communication includes any communication occurring without the use of words.”

So, non-verbal communication is the exchanged of information or message between two or more persons through gestures, facial expressions eye contact, proximity, touching etc. and without using any spoken or written word.

Characteristics of non-verbal communication

Non-verbal communication is any information that is communicated without using words. The important characteristics of non-verbal communication are as follows:

1. 
   No use of words: Non-verbal communication is a communication without words or language like oral or written communication. It uses gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, physical proximity, touching etc. for communicating with others.


2. 
   Culturally determined: Non-verbal communication is learnt in childhood, passed on to you by your parents and others with whom you associate. Through this process of growing up in a particular society, you adopt the taints and mannerisms of your cultural group.


3. 
   Different meaning: Non-verbal symbols can many meanings. Cross-culture aspects give various meanings to same expression in respect of non-verbal communication.


4. 
   Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise. Since in this communication there is no use of words or language which expresses clear meaning to the receiver.


5. 
   May conflict with verbal message: Non-verbal communication is so deeply rooted, so unconscious, that you can express a verbal message and then directly contradict it with a nonverbal message.


6. 
   Largely unconscious: Non-verbal communication is unconscious in the sense that it is usually not planned nor rehearsed. It comes almost instantaneously.


7. 
   Shows feelings and attitudes: Facial expressions, gestures, body movements, the way you use your eyes – all communicate your feelings and emotions to others.


8. 
   Informality: Non verbal communication does not follow any rules, formality or structure like other communication. Most of the cases people unconsciously and habitually engaged in non-verbal communication by moving the various parts of the body.

What is verbal communication and non-verbal communication?

Advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal communication

Advantages or functions or importance of non-verbal communication:There is a proverb “Actions speak louder than words.” In essence, this underscores the importance of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is especially significant in intercultural situations. Researches in communication suggest that many more feelings and intentions are sent and received non-verbally than verbally. Meharabian and wiener following suggested that only 7 % of message is sent through words, with remaining 93% sent non-verbal expressions (depending on author, verbal part goes up to 35%). It has multiple advantages or functions:

1. 
   Complementary: Non-verbal cues complement a verbal message by adding to its meaning. You can pat someone you offended at the back as you say sorry to him or her.


2. 
   Easy presentation: Information can be easily presented in non-verbal communication through using visual, audio-visual and silent means of non-verbal communication.


3. 
   Substituting: Non-verbal message may substitute for the verbal message especially if it is blocked by noise, interruption, long distance etc. for example: gestures-finger to lips to indicate need for quite, facial expressions- a nod instead of a yes.


4. 
   Accenting: Often used to accent a verbal message. Verbal tone indicates the actual meaning of the specific words.


5. 
   Repeat: Used to repeat the verbal message (e.g. point in a direction while stating directions.)


6. 
   Help to illiterate people: This type of communication use gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, proximity, touching etc. and without using any spoken or written word. So, it is very much helpful for illiterate people.


7. 
   Help to handicapped people: Non-verbal cues of communication greatly help in handicapped people especially to deaf people. Deaf people are exchange message through the movements of hands, fingers, eye ball etc.


8. 
   Attractive presentation: Non-verbal communication is based on visual, picture, graph, sign etc. that can be seen very much attractive.


9. 
   Reducing wastage of time: The message of non-verbal communication reached the receiver very fast. For this reason it reduces the wastage of valuable time of the communicator.


10. 
    Quick expression of message: Non-verbal cues of communication like sign and symbol can also communicate some messages very quickly than written or oral messages.

Disadvantages or limitations of non-verbal communication: Despite of advantages of non-verbal communication, it is not free from its limitations or disadvantages which are:

1. 
   Vague and imprecise: Non-verbal communication is quite vague and imprecise. Since in this communication there is no use of words or language which expresses clear meaning to the receiver. No dictionary can accurately classify them. Their meaning varies not only by culture and context but by degree of intension.


2. 
   Continuous: It is possible to stop talking in verbal communication, but it is generally not possible to stop nonverbal cues. Also, spoken language has a structure that makes it easier to tell when a subject has changed, for instance or to analyze its grammar. Nonverbal does not lend itself to this kind of analysis.


3. 
   Multi-channel: while watching someone’s eyes, you may miss something significant in a hand gesture. Everything is happening at once and therefore it may be confusing to try to keep up with everything. Most of us simply do not do so, at least not consciously.


4. 
   Culture-bound: Non-verbal communication is learnt in childhood, passed on to you by your parents and others with whom you associate. A few other gestures seem to be universal. Evidence suggests that humans of all cultures smile when happy and frown when unhappy. However, most nonverbal symbols seem to be even further disconnected from any “essential meaning” than verbal symbols. Gestures seen as positive in one culture (Like the thumbs-up gesture in the USA) may be seen as obscene in another culture.


5. 
   Long conversations are not possible: In non-verbal communication, long conversation and necessary explanations are not possible. No party can discuss the particular issues of the messages.


6. 
   Difficult to understand: Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions in non-verbal communication. Since it uses gestures, facial expressions eye contact, touch etc. for communicating with others which may not be understandable for the simple and foolish people.


7. 
   Not everybody prefers: Everybody not prefers to communicate through non-verbal communication with others. Sometimes it cannot create an impression upon people or listeners. It is less influential and cannot be used everywhere. It is cannot be used as a public tool for communication.


8. 
   Lack of formality: Non-verbal communication does not follow any rules, formality or structure like other communication. Most of the cases people unconsciously and habitually engaged in non-verbal communication by moving the various parts of the body.


9. 
   Costly: In some cases non-verbal communication involves huge cost. For example, neon sign, power point presentation, cinema etc are very much costly compared to others form of communication.


10. 
    Distortion of information: Since it uses gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, sign, sound, paralanguage etc. for communicating with others, there is a great possibility in distortion of information in non-verbal communication.

Advantages and disadvantages of non-verbal communication

Medias or ways or forms of visual communication

Medias or ways or forms of visual communication: When communication takes place by means of any visual aid, it is known as visual communication. Such as facial expression, gesture, eye contact, signals, map, chart, poster, and slide, sign etc.

1. Body language: Some parts of our body can express many indications without any sound. Message can be transmitted with the help of our body movements which is called body language. Body language is a form of visual communication, which consists of posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye movements etc.

• 
  Facial expression: A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles in the skin of face. Facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world. Proverb says, “Face is the index of mind.”


• 
  Gestures: Gestures refers to visible bodily actions communicate particular messages which include movement of the hands, face, eyes, head or other parts of the body.


• 
  Posture: Posture indicates the position in which we hold the body when standing or sitting. It can help to communicate visually.


• 
  Appearance and dress: Our clothes and dresses provide a good visual signal to our interest, age, personality, taste and sex. Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of visual communication. Research on color psychology has demonstrated that different colors can evoke different moods.


• 
  Touch: Touch is culturally determined; but each culture has a clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch. Basic message of touch is to affect or control-protect, support and disapprove [(i.e. hug, kiss, hit, kick)].

2. Space or proximity: People often refer to their need for “Personal space”, which is also an important type of visual communication. If someone you don’t know stands too close or touches too often, you will probably begin to feel uncomfortable.

3. Distance: Distance is also an important type of visual communication tool. The physical distance between the people expresses the degree or level of intimacy, acceptance and comfort.

4. Visual symbols: Visual symbols are also used from long ago. For example, pigeon, tiger and white flag are used as the symbol of peace, brave and alliance respectively.

5. Signal: Signal is use in various situations as the tool of visual communication.

6. Table, chart, diagram etc: Table, chart, diagram etc. are used in data presentation.

Presentation methods of visual communication: There are many ways through which information and message can be presented. If you want to ensure the effectiveness of the presentation, you should select the most appropriate way. Some of the ways of presenting information are:

Tabulation, bar charts, line graph, pie charts, pictograms, maps, diagrams, cartograms, flow charts, visual planning boards, commuter graphics, Gantt charts etc.

Medias or ways or forms of visual communication

What is Internal Communication? | Characteristics of Internal Communication

Internal communication is a network of information flow system that bids the organization together in relational bondage. Internal communication refers to the internal participants of an organization. The main purpose of internal communication is to ensure smooth functioning of the organizational activates. Internal communication may be two types: Vertical and horizontal communication. Some important definitions of internal communication are as follows:

According to Rajendra pal and Korlahalli, “Internal communication consists of transmitting information within the organization.

According to Lesiker and Pettit, “Internal communication consists of the structured communication within the organization that directly relates to achieving the organization’s work goal.”

According to Bovee and others, “Internal communication is the exchange of message among organizational members.”

According to S. P. Arora, “Information exchanged among executives, officials and employees of a same organization is known as internal communication.”

So, internal communication is the process of exchanging information among the people of different level or internal participants within the same organization.

Features or factors or characteristics of internal communication

Internal communication should be such that it must be helpful to increase the efficiency of the organization. So, the following factor or features should be considered in respect of internal communication:

1. 
   Clarity: Clarity means getting the meaning of messages accurately form the head of the sender into head of the receiver. Internal communication must be clear in meaning so that the receiver of the information can understand the subject matter of the information.


2. 
   Simplicity and economy: The method or media and language of internal communication must be simple and less expensive. So, the sender should choose the best method to communicate internally.


3. 
   Integrity: The integrity of the organization must be followed at the time of internal communication. It should be made through proper channel as required by organizational structure.


4. 
   Attention: The receiver should give attention to the information received as quickly as possible. Such communication must draw attention of the respective employees.


5. Avoidance of unnecessary information: The information of internal communication must be concise. It should not be loaded with unnecessary information.


6. 
   Informal means: Generally internal communication follows the formal rules to exchange information. Sometimes informal organization helps to make the internal communication effective.


7. 
   Others: The information of it must be goal oriented, uniformity must be kept, and it must be helpful to external communication, avoiding information overload, mutual understanding and trust.

Nature of internal communication

Some important natures of internal communication are as follows:

1. 
   Direction: There are some special directions of internal communication which are: (a) Downward (high superior to subordinates) (b) Upward (subordinates to superiors) (c) Horizontal (officials to officials of same rank).


2. 
   Formality: Internal communication follows proper formalities as well as informal channels.


3. 
   Specific purpose: The purpose of internal communication is to ensure effective and efficient management as well as smooth operations of the concern.


4. 
   Frequency: One of the important features of internal communication is frequency of occurrence. It is associated with same day-to-day operations. The nature of information of internal communication is almost same in respect of every day activities.


5. 
   Scope: The scope of internal communication is limited. Because, internal communication cannot take the form of mass communication as it is confined within the same organization.

What is Internal Communication? | Characteristics of Internal Communication

Advantages of Internal Communication

Importance or advantages of internal communication: Internal communication is the life blood of any organization. Both internal and external communication is equally important to control the day to day operations of an organization. The importance of internal communication can be stated as follows:

1. 
   Coordination: To achieve to organizational goals, co-ordination among the activities of various departments is a must. An organization can’t run smoothly without proper co-ordination. Through internal communication it is possible to co-ordinate the works among departments of an organization.


2. 
   Control: The last and the most important function of management are controlling. Due to effective internal communication such control is possible.


3. 
   Motivation: Methods of Internal Communication helps to motivate the employees of an organization. Internal communication provides good relationship among high officials and subordinates. Thorough effective internal communication employees come in contract with one another which acts as a motivating factor.


4. 
   Source of information: Competitive information is necessary to survive in the market economy. Only proper communication can supply such kind of information to the right person at the right time.


5. 
   Develop the managerial efficiency: To run the business effectively and efficiently a manager must have the proper knowledge regarding the resources of the organization. The internal communication can provide such knowledge.


6. 
   Job satisfaction: Job satisfaction has a great positive impact on job performance. If there is a sound internal communication system, the employees will be inspired and job satisfaction will also be kept.


7. 
   Run the business: To ensure the smooth operation of routine activities of an organization proper internal communication is essential.


8. 
   Proper supervision: If there is lack of downward and upward internal communication then the management or the supervisors failed to understand the problems of the employees. As a result proper supervision cannot be exercised.


9. 
   Low turnover: In presence of proper internal communication labor turnover rate reduces considerably.


10.  Mutual trust: For the smooth functioning of an organization and for higher productivity there must be mutual trust between management and employees successful internal communication can ensure mutual trust.


11. 
    Motivation of employees: To provide proper motivational measures management need to have a clear view regarding the attitude of the employees. Without continuous internal communication proper motivation cannot be provided.


12. 
    Facilitate decision making: Participation of the employees in the decision making process not only increase the quality of decision but also ensure the better implementation of decision.


13. 
    Others: Besides the above importance, the following benefits may be enjoyed from internal communication: (a) Exchange of necessary ideas, news and views. (b) Development of communicative skill of employees. (c) Maintenance of link between departments and branches. (d) Increasing of employee efficiency. (e) Development of employee morale etc.

Advantages of Internal Communication

Methods of Internal Communication

Media or ways or methods of internal communication: A number of means can be used to communicate internally. The media should be chosen according to the nature of the information. The most commonly used forms are as follows:

1. 
   Memo or memorandum: Memorandum or memos are an in internal short note or letter in which information exchanged among superiors and subordinates or same position of employees in the organizational structure.


2. 
   Report: Report is an organized statement of facts and findings that contains information obtained by proper inquiry, examination and evaluation of any past event relating to a particular subject or problem that helps to decision making.


3. 
   Notice board: Notice is formal written or an oral statement that contains notification or warning about a fact or an invitation to the concerned person for attending the meeting and which is displayed in the board.


4. 
   Telephone: Telephone set is an instrument that converts voice and other sound signals into a form that can be transmitted to remote locations and that receives and reconverts waves into sound signals. It is an electrical device for transmitting speech, consisting of a microphone and receiver mounted on a handset.


5. 
   Letters: The communication which is performed through formal written document to convey necessary information to the receiver or concern employees is called written communication.


6. 
   Interview: An interview is a formal meeting between two people (the interviewer and the interviewee) where questions are asked by the interviewer to obtain information, qualities, attitudes, whishes etc. from the interviewee.


7. 
   Fax: A fax (short for facsimile and sometimes called telescoping) is the telephonic transmission of scanned-in printed material (text or images), usually to a telephone number associated with a printer or other output device.


8. 
   Internet: Internet is the network of networks or accumulation of smaller networks that are connected through telephone lines, satellite or radio links.


9. 
   Complaint and suggestion boxes: A complaint is an expression of, or the cause of, pain, anger, discontent, regret or annoyance suggestion box is a device for obtaining additional suggestions, comments, questions and requests. The box is used for colleting slips of paper with input from customers and patrons of a particular organization. Suggestion boxes may also exist internally, within an organization, such as means for garnering employee input.


10. 
    Questionnaires and survey: A form containing a set of questions, especially one addressed to a statistically number of subjects as way of gathering information for a survey. List of a research or survey questions asked to respondents and designed to extract specific information. It serves four basic purposes: to (a) Collect the appropriate data (b) Make data comparable and amenable to analysis (c) Minimize bias in formulating and asking question and (d) to make questions engaging and varied.


11. 
    Face to face conversation: Face-to-face conversation is an informal discussion through spoken language or words on a particular issue among the people to exchange their views freely and fairly with each other.


12. 
    Posters: A large, usually printed placard, bill or announcement, often illustrated, that is posted to advertise or publicize something. A poster is any piece of printed paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface. Typically posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative.


13. 
    Employee hand book and manuals: An employee handbook is a compilation of the policies, procedures, working conditions and behavioral expectations that guide employee actions in a particular workplace. Employee handbooks generally also include information about the company, employee compensation and benefits and additional terms and conditions of employment. An employee handbook, sometimes also known as an employee manual or staff handbook, is a book given to employees by an employer.


14. 
    Information rack: Large organization install information rack at the common place of the organization where employee come together in which employees can easily collect when it is necessary. Information rack contains books, files, periodicals and other organizational related information.


15. 
    Bulletins: A brief report, especially an official statement on a matter of public interest issued for immediate publication or broadcast.

Methods of Internal Communication

What is Formal Communication?

Meaning of formal communication: When an organization communication occurs by following the prescribed or official or predetermined rules, policy and regulation of the organization is called formal communication. Formal communication is governed by the established chain of command. Internal information exchanged form one to another following the conventional rules. But this type of communication system may be used for both eternal and external purposes. Some important definitional communications are as follows:

According to Bartoal and Martin, “Formal communication refers to vertical and horizontal communication that flows path specified by the official hierarchical organizational structure and related task requirements.”

According to Bovee and his associates, “Formal communication is the flow of information that is dictated by the organization’s official structure.”

So, formal communication is the process of exchanging information between two or more person by following the prescribed or official rules, procedures, systems, formalities and chain of command in the organizational structure.

Difference between formal and informal communication: Formal communication is the process of exchanging information by following the prescribed or official rules, procedures, systems, formalities, chain of command etc. in the organizational structure.

On the other hand, informal communication is the process of spontaneous exchange of information among various people of different status in the organizational structure. The difference between formal and informal communication are as follows:

Features or characteristics of formal communication: The important features or characteristics of formal communication are as follows:

1. 
   Well defined rules and regulations: Formal communication has well defined rules and regulations.


2. 
   Bindings: Employees of the formal organization is bounded to follow formal rules and regulations.


3. 
   Chain of command: Proper chain of command is followed by formal communication.


4. 
   Delegation of authority: Authority is delegated by the superiors to the subordinates through this communication.


5. 
   Use as a reference: Documents of the formal communication is recorded by the organization. S, these recorded documents are use as a source of the employees.


6. 
   Recognition: Formal communication occurs among the employees of the organizational structure. So it has recognition.


7. 
   Task related: All types of formal compunction within the employees should be task related.


8. 
   Routine Communication: Generally formal communication is a routine communication of the employees.


9. 
   Cooperation and co-ordination: Formal communication is a part of cooperation and coordination.


10. 
    Status symbol: Formal communication of the employees shows the status symbol.

What is Formal Communication?

Kinds of Non-Verbal Communication

Differences between verbal and non-verbal communication: Verbal communication is the expression or exchanged of information or messages through written or oral words.

On the other hand, non-verbal communication is the expression or exchanged of information or messages through without using any spoken or written word. The important differences between verbal and non-verbal communication are as follows:

Medias or ways or methods or kinds of non-verbal communication: Non-verbal communication is the expression or exchanged of information or messages through without using any spoken or written word. Several symbols can be used in non-verbal communication. We will discuss here only the following types of communication that occur without words.

A. Body language: Some parts of our body can express many indications without any sound. Message can be transmitted with the help of our body movements which is called body language. Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, which consists of posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye movements etc.

1. 
   Facial expression: A facial expression is one or more motions or positions of the muscles in the skin of face. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world. Proverb says, “Face is the index of mind.”Example: By waving our hands we express ‘good-bye’; by shaking our head from side to side we express “we do not know”.


2. 
   Gestures: Gestures refers to visible bodily actions communicate particular messages which include movement of the hands, face, eyes, head or other parts of the body. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Culture-specific gestures that can be used as replacement for words, such as the hand wave used in western cultures for “hello” and “goodbye”.


3. 
   Posture: Posture indicates the position in which we hold the body when standing or sitting. It can help to communicate non-verbally. Consider the following actions and note cultural differences:
   
   
   
   • Bowing not done criticized or affected in US; shows rank in Japan.
   
   
   • Slouching rude in most Northern European areas.
   
   
   • Hands in pocket-disrespectful in Turkey.
   
   
   • Sitting with legs crossed-offensive in Ghana, Turkey.
   
   
   • Showing soles of feet-offensive in Thailand, Saudi Arabia.
   
   
   
   


4. 
   Eye Gaze or Eye contact: Eye contact indicates looking, staring and blinking etc. which is important in nonverbal behaviors. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, attention, interest and attraction, defines power and status and has a central role in managing impressions of others.


5. 
   Appearance and dress: External appearances also play a vital role to communicate others. Our clothes an dresses provide a good visual signal to our interest, age, personality, taste and sex. Our choice of color, clothing, hairstyles and other factors affecting appearance are also considered a means of nonverbal can evoke different moods. Consider differing cultural standards on what is attractive in dress and on what constitutes modesty. For example, seeing the dress of army officers, we can easily determine the job status.


6. 
   Touch: Touch is culturally determined. But each culture has clear concept of what parts of the body one may not touch. Basic message of touch is to affect or control-protect, support and disapprove (i.e. hug, kiss, hit, kick)

• USA-Handshake is common (even for strangers), hugs and kisses for those of opposite gender or of family (usually) on an increasingly more intimate basis.


• Islamic and Hindu- Typically don’t touch with the left hand. Left hand is for toilet functions.


• Islamic cultures generally don’t approve of any touching to opposite genders (even handshakes). But consider such touching (including hand holding, hugs) between same sexes to be appropriate.

7. Silence: Silence is another form of non-verbal communication which expresses the positive or negative meanings of particular messages. In a classroom, silence indicates that students are listening carefully and attentively.

B. Space or proximity: People often refer to their need for “personal space”, which are also important types of nonverbal communication. The physical distance between you and others signals your level of intimacy and comfort. If someone you don’t know stand too close or touches too often, you will probably begin to feel uncomfortable.

C. Time: Another type of non-verbal communication involves time. Thant is how we give meaning to time communicates to other. For example, begin late in work everybody a worker can be considered as a man of carelessness but if a manager does it; we say it is a symbol of power. We know, time can play a vital role to reduce tension, conflict among groups. It is said that- “Kill the time to delay the justice”.

D. Paralinguistic (Tone and volume of voice): Paralinguistic refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. Paralanguage also include such vocal characteristics as rate (speed of speaking), pitch (highness of lowness of tone), inflection, volume (loudness) and quality (pleasing or unpleasant sound).

• Vocal characterizers (laugh, cry, yell, moan, whine, belch and yawn). These send different message in different cultures (Japan- giggling indicates embarrassment; India- belch indicates satisfaction)

• Vocal qualifiers (volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo and tone). Loudness indicates strength in Arabic cultures and softness indicates weakness; indicates confidence and authority to the Germans; indicates impoliteness to the Thai; indicates loss of control to the Japanese. (Generally, one learns not to “shout” in Asia for nearly any reason). Gender based as well women tend to speak higher and more softly than men.


• Vocal segregates (UN-huh, shh, uh, ooh, mmmh, hummm, eh mah, lah). Segretates indicate formality, acceptance, assent, uncertainty.

E. Visual communication: When communication takes place by means of any visual aid, it is known as visual communication. Such as facial expression, gesture, eye contact, signals, map, chart, poster, slide, sign etc. for example, to indicate ‘danger’, we use red sign, to indicate ‘no smoking’, we use an image showing a lighted cigarette with across mark on it etc.

Kinds of Non-Verbal Communication

What is Agenda? | Characteristics of Agenda

Meaning of agenda: Agenda means things to be done. It is usually sent along with the notice of the meeting. It is a list of the topics to be discussed in a meeting.

Sometimes the agenda is prepared after the circulation of the notice in order to include the member’s opinion. If the subject matter of the meeting is secret, the agenda may not be circulated. Some definitions of agenda are as follows:

According to Rajendra pal and Korlahalli, “Agenda is document that outlines the contents of a forth coming meeting.”

So, agenda is an items or issues prepared by the secretary and which are to be discussed or transacted in a forth coming mitten.

Features or characteristics of agenda: The features of agenda can be state as follows:

1. Generally, agenda is sent along with the notice of the meeting.


2. It is written at the end but before or after the signature of the convener of the meeting.


3. It is arranged according to the importance of the end.


4. Controversial topics should be written at the end.


5. The topics are determined by the secretary with consulting the higher authority or the convener of the meeting.


6. It written in brief but explicit manner.

Specimen of Agenda:

Importance or necessities of agenda: Agenda is the explicit topics to be discussed in a meeting the members. No one can ignore the importance of an agenda. The necessity or importance’s of an agenda are as follows:

1. As it is circulated in advance, the members of the committee or meeting can take preparation to discuss the topics accurately.


2. It helps to take prompt decision.


3. Since it has a set of order, it helps the chairperson to conduct the meeting smoothly.


4. It can ensure covering all the topics that will be discussed in a meeting.


5. It helps to control the unnecessary talking in the meeting.


6. It is helps to write the minutes and resolution of the meeting.


7. As it is served earlier, the members of the meeting can exchange their thought and ideas informally before holding the meeting.

What is Agenda? | Characteristics of Agenda